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JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE RESEARCH · IZAKAYA & YAKITORI

Izakaya & Yakitori Restaurant Tableware: Small Plates, Bowls & Skewer Plates

Izakaya and yakitori tableware is the assortment of small plates, contained bowls, skewer vessels and shared servingware used for Japanese small-dish dining. Izakaya service must accommodate several dishes together; yakitori may depend on compact pieces circulating through successive courses.

This guide helps chefs, owners and buyers choose food fit, sauce containment, skewer geometry, table footprint, materials, coordination and working quantities. ERS's purchasing findings place combined smallware at approximately 53% of Izakaya/Yakitori tabletop units. The practical lesson is to distinguish useful assortment breadth from the workhorse pieces that need the deepest stock and most dependable replacement.

An izakaya needs range without clutter. A yakitori counter needs plates that match how skewers are served.

Choose commercial plates, bowls and servingware for izakaya and yakitori restaurants, from small appetizer plates and kobachi bowls to multipurpose dishes, shared servingware, sauce dishes and yakitori skewer plates.

Compare the requirements of a broad izakaya serving multiple dishes simultaneously with grouped skewer orders and sequential yakitori counter service, where compact course plates may be more appropriate than long rectangular platters. Learn how to select vessel sizes and shapes, control unnecessary specialty ware, and build a coordinated tabletop assortment around food presentation, table space, durability, washing, storage and replacement needs.

By
Eden Restaurant Supply
Edition
2026
Concurrent izakaya service with small dishes, karaage, sashimi and grouped skewers sharing a table
Several vessel jobs share one table at once. Smallware, shared access and total footprint belong in the same specification.

A serious izakaya needs range. It does not need a different dish for every item on the menu.

The strongest izakaya tabletops are built around a disciplined core of small plates, kobachi, medium multipurpose ware, shared pieces and selected elongated forms that can cover substantial menu breadth without turning every new dish into another inventory family.

Dedicated yakitori is different. A specialist counter serving skewers sequentially can run a much narrower assortment than a broad izakaya serving sashimi, fried dishes, grilled food, shared plates, skewers, rice and hot dishes simultaneously.

This guide covers both.

It explains which pieces earn a place in the assortment, how size and shape should follow the food, when dedicated ware is justified, how yakitori service changes the requirement, what ERS restaurant purchasing data shows, how to control tabletop breadth, and how to build the complete assortment from actual commercial products.

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01JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE

24 Years of Restaurant Tableware Experience

For 24 years, Eden Restaurant Supply has specified, selected, sourced, evaluated, and supplied commercial tableware for more than 24,000 restaurant and hospitality locations operated by 14,000+ organizations across 45+ U.S. states—representing more than $230 million in cumulative tabletop purchasing and 55 million+ pieces supplied.

ERS's experience includes independent restaurants, chef-driven concepts, Michelin-recognized dining, hotels, institutional foodservice, high-volume operations and regional and national restaurant groups—with particular depth across Japanese and Asian-influenced foodservice.

ERS recommendations are informed by first-party transaction and reorder history, hands-on product evaluation, direct manufacturer and importer relationships, and actual restaurant specification work involving menu fit, portion presentation, size, shape, material, color, finish, assortment coordination, durability, stacking, storage, replacement availability, opening quantities and budget.

That matters especially in izakaya.

The challenge is rarely finding more attractive Japanese dishes.

The challenge is deciding which ones deserve to exist in the operation at all.

ERS commercial tabletop experience
Years
24
Locations
24,000+
Organizations
14,000+
U.S. states
45+
Pieces supplied
55M+
Tabletop purchasing
$230M+

02JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE

Izakaya and Yakitori Are Different Tabletop Problems

A broad izakaya may have one of the most varied tabletop requirements in Japanese foodservice.

A single menu can move from edamame, pickles and kobachi to sashimi, karaage, grilled fish, salads, yakitori, larger meat dishes, rice, noodles and hot pot.

Several of those dishes may be on the same table at the same time.

A dedicated yakitori restaurant can operate almost the opposite way.

Skewers may be grilled and delivered one at a time or in small sequences. Plates are cleared and reused through the meal. The restaurant may need excellent skewer presentation without needing nine different families of small dishes in constant circulation.

Broad IzakayaDedicated Yakitori
Primary tabletop problemBroad simultaneous order mixSkewer service and course rotation
Typical assortmentBroadNarrower
Smallware importanceVery highSupporting
Shared serviceFrequentDepends on format
Long / rectangular wareUseful for selected dishes and grouped skewersImportant where simultaneous skewer count justifies it
Table-space pressureVery highUsually more controlled
Best inventory strategyMultipurpose workhorses + selective specialtiesFocused courseware + skewer presentation

Do not specify these two restaurants from the same checklist.

03JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE

The Core Izakaya Assortment

Most broad izakaya menus can be supported by a relatively disciplined group of vessel families.

The exact count changes with the menu. The jobs do not.

Small Dry-Food Plates

These carry enormous volume:

edamame · pickles · gobo chips · dry appetizers · compact fried food · small grilled items · drinking snacks

The priority is not decoration.

It is:

correct portion footprint · easy handling · efficient stacking · enough visual neutrality to cover several foods

A strong small plate family will appear under many unrelated menu items.

That is exactly what makes it valuable.

Kobachi & Small Wet-Food Bowls

Once dressing, broth, sauce or loose composition matters, move into contained ware.

Common applications include:

sunomono · dressed vegetables · tofu · simmered sides · marinated dishes · small composed appetizers · sauced items

This is one of the most important izakaya categories.

ERS purchasing data confirms it: 88% of mature Izakaya/Yakitori locations purchase kobachi or related small bowls.

Do not choose these pieces primarily from the exterior shape.

Look at the actual portion, usable opening, containment and how easily the diner can access the food.

Medium Multipurpose Plates

This is where an izakaya can either simplify the operation or create needless inventory.

A useful medium plate can cover several jobs:

karaage · grilled meat · grilled vegetables · larger cold dishes · composed appetizers · small shared portions · selected sashimi or fish presentations

The best pieces tolerate modest changes in food footprint without appearing either empty or overcrowded.

For an izakaya workhorse, that flexibility is usually more valuable than a plate perfectly optimized for one dish.

Shared Plates & Bowls

Shared food should be sized from:

actual party portion · guest access · food geometry · total table footprint

—not from a generic serving-plate category.

Izakaya tables already carry several objects simultaneously.

A larger plate is not automatically a better shared plate if it makes the rest of the meal harder to serve.

Sauce & Condiment Ware

Dedicated sauce and condiment ware appears in 78% of mature ERS Izakaya/Yakitori locations.

That makes it part of the normal operating assortment, not decorative completion.

Soy, ponzu, tare, salts, dipping sauces and other condiments should be specified according to actual service rather than added automatically to every place setting.

04JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE

Size the Ware From the Food—and From the Table

There is no useful universal izakaya plate-size chart.

There are useful commercial reference ranges.

ApplicationUseful commercial orientationWhat should actually determine the piece
Small dry snack / pickle / bite4–6½ in. plate classPortion footprint
Wet / dressed small dish~4–5 in. kobachi; often ~4–12 ozPortion + liquid / sauce
Individual composed dish~6½–8 in.Food + garnish field
Medium shared dish~8–10½ in.Party portion + table footprint
Larger shared service10½ in.+ only where justifiedPortion count + guest access
Grouped skewers / grilled linear foodLong / rectangularActual food-bearing length + simultaneous quantity

These are orientations, not specifications.

A 7-inch plate with a large unusable rim may offer less food surface than a smaller piece.

A narrow 10-inch rectangle can be excellent for skewers and poor for karaage.

A deep kobachi with the correct nominal capacity can still be awkward if the opening is too restricted for the food.

The correct question is always:

What does this portion physically need—and what else will already be on the table when it arrives?

05JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE

Multipurpose First. Specialty When the Menu Demands It.

An izakaya can accumulate tableware very quickly.

That is not automatically a sign of sophistication.

Every new vessel family creates:

another shelf position · another stack · another par · another sorting decision · another reorder path · another discontinuation problem

A new family belongs in the assortment when it solves a food, service or presentation problem the existing assortment cannot solve well.

That is the standard.

Good Reasons to Add Dedicated Ware

The food physically needs it

Examples:

broth-bearing dishes · nabe · toban · long grilled fish · multi-skewer presentation

The guest needs a different way to access the food

A broad shared platter and a small individual course plate are not interchangeable merely because both hold food.

The service requires a different thermal function

Cooking-and-serving pieces deserve separate treatment because they are doing more than presentation work.

The dish has enough presentation importance to justify specialization

Signature sashimi, a major grilled preparation or another concept-defining item may deserve a dedicated vessel even when a multipurpose plate could technically hold it.

That is a deliberate investment decision.

Shop Nabe & Tabletop Cookware

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Bad Reasons to Add Dedicated Ware

It looks Japanese.

The supplier carries it.

It photographs well empty.

Another restaurant uses one.

The menu item has a different name.

None of those create a vessel requirement.

A 100-item izakaya menu does not need 100 serving formats.

If a new vessel family does not solve a problem the existing assortment cannot solve well, it does not belong in the opening order.

06JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE

Yakitori: Grouped Skewers and Sequential Service Need Different Ware

Yakitori does not automatically mean a long ceramic plate.

The correct surface follows how many skewers arrive together and how they are served.

Grouped / Multi-Skewer Service

When several skewers arrive together, elongated ware usually makes excellent functional sense.

Size from:

food-bearing skewer length · simultaneous skewer count · garnish or seasoning field · guest pickup

The important measurement is food-bearing length.

The wooden handle does not need to sit completely over ceramic.

A plate should be long enough to carry the grilled portion cleanly and let the guest pick up each skewer without crowding the food.

Current commercial ware around the 10-inch-plus rectangular class is common for this reason, but the plate should still be selected from the restaurant's actual skewer format.

Good applications

3–5 skewer assortments
grouped kushiyaki
shared yakitori orders
mixed grilled presentations

Four grouped yakitori skewers on a long plate beside one sequential skewer on compact courseware
Grouped skewers need food-bearing length. Sequential service can use a much smaller repeated course surface.

Sequential Yakitori Counter Service

A dedicated yakitori counter can work very differently.

When one skewer—or only a small number—arrives at a time, the simultaneous food footprint is compact.

The operation may be better served by smaller repeated courseware than by large elongated platters.

That allows the restaurant to change the presentation through the meal without keeping large quantities of every form.

ERS data confirms the distinction.

A mature broad izakaya purchases from approximately nine active tableware families at the median.

Dedicated yakitori operates closer to five.

At the same time, long and rectangular ware appears in approximately 70–75% of dedicated yakitori locations.

That is exactly what the service model predicts:

high relevance of elongated ware without broad izakaya-level assortment complexity.

Chef-Selected Skewer Courses

This sits between the two extremes.

If several skewers arrive simultaneously, use enough field for the complete presentation.

If the chef sends them sequentially, compact presentation is entirely appropriate.

There is no authority in prescribing an 11-inch rectangle for one skewer because the restaurant serves yakitori.

07JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE

Table Footprint Matters More in Izakaya Than Almost Anywhere Else

A plate can be correct by itself and wrong once the rest of dinner arrives.

A four-top may simultaneously hold:

kobachi · pickles · sashimi · karaage · skewers · grilled fish · another shared plate · sauce dishes · beer · sake

That changes the specification.

A broad plate that gives one dish beautiful negative space may be an excellent choice in a sequential course restaurant and an operational liability on a crowded izakaya table.

The izakaya buyer has to judge every workhorse piece on three things at once:

food fit · guest access · combined table footprint

This is why a disciplined size ladder matters.

It is also why maximum plate size is usually the wrong target.

Concurrent izakaya service with small dishes, karaage, sashimi and grouped skewers sharing a table
Several vessel jobs share one table at once. Smallware, shared access and total footprint belong in the same specification.

Table Space Is Part of the Portion Decision

Shared ware has to remain accessible to several guests.

But increasing size to improve access eventually consumes the space needed by every other order.

That tradeoff should be tested with the actual table sizes and real simultaneous service, not product photography.

Shape Matters in Combination

Several round pieces can waste space.

Several long pieces can be even worse.

A controlled mix of round, elongated, compact and irregular forms can make a crowded table function better than a matched assortment if every geometry earns its footprint.

Dishroom Complexity Starts Here Too

A visually broad tabletop returns to the dishroom as:

small plates · bowls · long pieces · medium plates · shared ware · condiment dishes · specialty items

The more unnecessary geometries the restaurant owns, the more complicated sorting, racking, stacking and staging become.

That cost never appears in an empty-plate moodboard.

It appears every service.

08JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE

What Izakaya & Yakitori Restaurants Actually Buy

ERS's first-party purchasing history makes the structure of the category unusually clear.

Research basis

The comparison separates broad izakaya from dedicated yakitori within mature ERS Japanese restaurant locations. Current assortment and purchasing mix use January 2025–September 2026. Family counts describe distinct normalized purchasing families; smallware adoption counts locations, while the 53% smallware share counts pieces. Surface comparisons retain the 2018–2019 and January 2025–September 2026 periods. Reorder incidence follows initial assortments for 24 months, and replenishment concentration follows the initially deepest 30% of families. Course-specific presentation breadth and routine purchasing depth remain separate decisions.

ERS research methods and definitions.

Izakaya Buys Broad

A mature broad izakaya purchases from approximately nine active tableware families at the median.

That is the highest operating breadth in the Japanese branch.

The reason is straightforward.

Small dry food, wet smallware, composed dishes, grilled food, shared service, skewers and supporting ware create genuinely different jobs.

The breadth is functional.

It is not simply decorative variety.

The shared smallware core is almost universal

Across mature ERS Izakaya/Yakitori locations:

93% purchase small plates.

88% purchase kobachi or related small bowls.

78% purchase dedicated sauce or condiment ware.

Combined smallware represents approximately 53% of Izakaya/Yakitori tabletop units.

That is more than half the tabletop.

Small plates and bowls are not the supporting cast in this concept.

They are the operating core.

ERS mature operations · active tableware families
Broad izakaya
≈9 families
Dedicated yakitori
≈5 families
ERS mature Izakaya/Yakitori locations · category adoption
Small plates
93%
Kobachi / small bowls
88%
Sauce / condiment ware
78%
Combined smallware share of tabletop units
≈53%

But Replenishment Becomes Much Narrower

The more valuable finding appears after the initial assortment is in operation.

Approximately 62% of mature Izakaya/Yakitori locations reorder an exact tabletop SKU within 24 months.

Approximately 77% return to the same normalized vessel family.

Most importantly:

74% of subsequent replenishment volume is concentrated into the highest-volume 30% of the restaurant's active families.

That is the real buying lesson.

Izakaya buys broad, but replenishes narrow.

A restaurant may operate nine families.

Three or four typically become disproportionately important through repeated service.

Those are the families that deserve:

deeper opening quantities · stronger replacement continuity · better stacking · greater confidence in manufacturer availability · closer attention to cost

The rest of the assortment can remain intentionally broader and shallower.

Do not eliminate presentation variety.

Identify the pieces that actually carry the operation and treat them like workhorses.

ERS mature Izakaya/Yakitori locations · continuity and concentration
Exact SKU within 24 months
≈62%
Same normalized vessel family
≈77%
Replenishment from top 30% of active families
74%

Dedicated Yakitori Is Narrower

Dedicated yakitori averages approximately five active families, materially below broad izakaya.

That narrower assortment is not evidence of a less deliberate tabletop.

It reflects a different service model.

Course rotation and repeated skewer presentation reduce the need for broad simultaneous smallware.

Long and rectangular ware becomes more important, but assortment breadth falls.

The data follows the operation.

09JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE

Shape, Color & Finish: What Izakaya Restaurants Are Buying Now

The current ERS data also makes one thing clear:

There is no single modern izakaya look.

Round Ware Still Does Most of the Work

Current Izakaya/Yakitori unit share by shape:

ShapeShare
Round49%
Long / rectangular22%
Irregular / organic13%
Square10%
Oval / other6%

Half the category is still round.

That is what workhorse ware does well.

Long, rectangular and irregular pieces matter more here than in noodle or rice-led concepts because grilled food, skewers, sashimi and composed shared dishes create legitimate non-round footprints.

The data does not support replacing functional round ware with fashionable irregular ceramics.

It supports using other forms where the menu benefits from them.

Earth Tones Lead—but They Do Not Define the Category

Current Izakaya/Yakitori purchasing is distributed approximately as follows:

Color familyShare
Earth / brown / green25%
Black / charcoal24%
Blue / indigo20%
Ivory / warm neutral16%
Other / patterned8%
White7%

Earth, brown and green are the largest group.

They are not a majority.

A contemporary izakaya can legitimately be:

earth-toned · dark and modern · indigo-led · warm neutral · patterned · restrained

The decision should come from the restaurant identity and food, not from copying a trend palette.

Reactive & Textured Ware Has Grown Fast

Reactive, textured and visibly hand-finished ceramics increased from approximately 13% of Izakaya/Yakitori ceramic purchasing in 2018–2019 to 31% in 2025–2026.

That is a major shift.

It is also easy to misuse.

The correct conclusion is not:

“Izakaya should use reactive glaze.”

The useful conclusion is:

More presentation variation is moving into the smallware and signature layer while the high-volume operating core remains disciplined.

That is exactly where a restaurant should spend visual complexity.

Use quieter, proven pieces under the dishes that circulate constantly.

Let selected smallware, grilled-food plates and signature presentations carry more surface character.

Reactive / textured / hand-finished ceramic purchasing
2018–2019
≈13%
2025–2026
≈31%

Ceramic Still Owns Izakaya

Current ERS Izakaya/Yakitori material mix is approximately:

84% ceramic / porcelain

10% melamine / commercial resin

6% wood / glass / metal / other

That is the right balance to expect in a presentation-led but operationally demanding concept.

Ceramic gives izakaya the deepest range of form, finish and tactile variation.

Melamine and resin remain useful where weight, break resistance or high-volume handling justify them.

They should not be inserted merely because the operation is casual.

Material follows the job.

Compare Restaurant Dinnerware Materials & Operating Fit

10JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE

Coordinate the Mixed Tabletop—Do Not Match It

Izakaya needs more coordination discipline than omakase for one simple reason:

the pieces appear together.

Omakase can move from one highly individual course plate to another because one presentation clears before the next appears.

An izakaya table may show ten different objects at once.

That makes visual noise expensive.

Concurrent izakaya service with small dishes, karaage, sashimi and grouped skewers sharing a table
Several vessel jobs share one table at once. Smallware, shared access and total footprint belong in the same specification.

Keep the High-Volume Foundation Controlled

The pieces used constantly should establish the baseline.

That could be:

warm neutral ceramic
indigo / white
charcoal / gray
earth / moss / brown
restrained light stoneware

The exact palette matters less than consistency.

Put Variation Where It Has the Most Value

Kobachi, sauce dishes, grilled-food plates and selected shared pieces are excellent places for:

pattern · reactive glaze · irregular silhouette · texture · stronger color

They create visual range without forcing every high-volume workhorse into a different design language.

Repeat Something

The assortment does not need to match.

It does need relationships.

Repeat:

a glaze family · a color · an edge treatment · a material character · an indigo vocabulary · a matte surface · a warm neutral

Not everything.

Something.

Do Not Build a Table of Competing Statement Pieces

Six beautiful ceramics can still produce a bad table.

If every piece is irregular, reactive, dark, patterned and visually dominant, none of them has hierarchy.

Let the food remain the strongest object on the table.

11JAPANESE RESTAURANT TABLEWARE

How Much Izakaya & Yakitori Tableware Should You Buy?

Do not calculate izakaya from a generic plates-per-seat coefficient.

Broad izakaya demand follows tables, order mix and simultaneous use more than conventional place settings.

Multipurpose Workhorses

For a plate or bowl used across several dishes, total the demand from every menu application mapped to that family.

If the same medium plate carries karaage, grilled meat and several cold dishes, those are not separate inventory problems.

They accumulate into one family.

That is precisely why multipurpose pieces deserve deeper quantities.

Shared Ware

Estimate from:

peak active parties · how often the dish is ordered · how many shared orders can be in circulation at once · full bussing / washing / drying / return time

Shared ware is usually closer to table-driven than seat-driven.

Smallware

Small plates and kobachi can accumulate quickly because several may coexist at one table.

Do not underestimate simultaneous demand simply because each individual dish is small.

Sequential Yakitori

A dedicated counter is different.

If the same plate family rotates through multiple skewer courses, quantity depends on:

seats receiving it simultaneously · how often the family returns in the sequence · whether it can complete the full dishroom cycle before it is needed again

This is course-rotation demand.

Grouped Yakitori

If several skewers arrive together on one platter, demand behaves more like shared/order-driven ware.

Specialty Pieces

Nabe, toban and other narrow-use pieces should be purchased from actual menu incidence.

But low volume does not automatically mean low importance.

If one specific vessel is required to serve the dish, running out removes the dish from service.

Replacement Reserve

Reserve should follow:

service criticality · expected replenishment lead time · substitution tolerance

—not one arbitrary backup percentage applied across the assortment.

A workhorse kobachi family with constant use and a difficult import cycle deserves different protection from a decorative specialty plate that can be substituted tomorrow.

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Get Help Building an Izakaya or Yakitori Tabletop

ERS can specify the complete tabletop around the actual restaurant:

menu · portions · simultaneous order mix · table size · visual direction · service model · operating volume · storage · dishroom · replacement requirements · opening quantities · budget

That can mean:

  • selecting one high-use kobachi family;
  • finding a better plate for grouped skewers;
  • replacing a discontinued pattern;
  • coordinating an entire new izakaya assortment;
  • specifying opening quantities;
  • sourcing a missing specialty piece;
  • or building a complete tabletop for a multi-location rollout.

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Quick Buying Answers

What tableware is essential for an izakaya?

Build around small dry-food plates, kobachi or other contained small bowls, sauce dishes, versatile medium plates and shared servingware. Add skewer, rice, noodle and hot-vessel formats according to the menu.

The essential assortment follows genuinely different food jobs. Dressed vegetables need containment; fried food needs usable surface; shared grilled dishes need access and sufficient footprint. Several recipes can share one workhorse, but a wet bowl and a flat plate should not be merged merely to reduce item count.

Map the complete Japanese assortment by food role.

What plates are best for yakitori?

Long plates are best for several skewers presented together. Compact plates are often better for a counter serving one or two skewers at a time, where space and repeated course changes matter more than platter length.

Check skewer length, food overhang, glaze or sauce containment and guest access. A platter suited to a shared yakitori order can overwhelm a narrow counter. Buy quantities from the actual service rhythm, not from the number of skewer varieties on the menu.

Plan skewer plates for shared orders or sequential courses.

How is izakaya tableware different from omakase tableware?

Izakaya tableware must coordinate many dishes that remain on the table together. Omakase tableware can create contrast across a sequence because individual vessels often clear before the next course arrives.

Both benefit from varied forms, but they have different visual and inventory problems. Izakaya needs a controlled simultaneous tabletop and deeper multipurpose pieces. Omakase needs the correct course-specific assortment and enough rotation to avoid waiting for a vessel to return.

Design visual variation across an omakase sequence.

Are flat small plates or kobachi better for izakaya side dishes?

Use flat small plates for stable, dry or lightly sauced food. Use kobachi or small bowls for dressed vegetables, loose ingredients and dishes whose liquid needs containment.

This is a functional distinction, not an instruction to buy a different bowl for every side. A useful small-bowl family can cover several compatible dishes while keeping presentation tidy. Approve rim access and portion scale so a compact bowl does not make the food difficult to eat.

Select practical smallware forms and product construction.

What is the best way to coordinate mixed izakaya tableware?

Keep the high-use plates and bowls visually related, then use selected smallware and shared pieces for pattern, glaze variation or stronger color. Repetition should hold the table together without making every piece match.

View a complete busy table, not a single plate. Several decorative vessels can compete when they appear simultaneously. Repeat a palette, glaze character or rim language, and reserve the strongest individual pieces for dishes that justify the attention.

Compare crafted finishes without making the whole table visually noisy.

How should an izakaya allocate opening tableware quantities?

Buy deeper quantities of the multipurpose plates and bowls that support several menu categories. Buy specialty pieces according to peak simultaneous orders, and calculate sequential yakitori ware from course overlap and return time.

Shared ware usually follows active tables or orders rather than seat count alone. Small dishes can accumulate because several remain at one table at once. Count the complete family’s combined demand, then keep the replacement reserve separate from working stock.

Calculate table-, order- and course-driven quantities.